Health Awareness Foundation Seal Health Awareness Foundation
  Home  
   Mission  
   References  
   Resources  
References
Below find scientific studies supporting statements made in our brochures.
 

 
Alpha-Lipoic Acid
  1. Devasagayam TP, Subramanian M, Pradhan DS, Sies H. Prevention of singlet oxygen-induced DNA damage by lipoate. Chem.Biol.Interact. 1993;86:79-92.
  2. Packer L, Witt EH, Tritschler HJ. Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic.Biol.Med. 1995;19:227-50.
  3. Suzuki YJ, Tsuchiya M, Packer L. Thioctic acid and dihydrolipoic acid are novel antioxidants which interact with reactive oxygen species [published erratum appears in Free Radic Res Commun 1992;17(2):155]. Free Radic.Res.Commun. 1991;15:255-63.
  4. Hagen TM, Ingersoll RT, Lykkesfeldt J et al. (R)-a-lipoic acid-supplemented old rats have improved mitochondrial function, decreased oxidative damage, and increased metabolic rate. FASEB J. 1999;13:411-8.
  5. Khanna S, Atalay M, Laaksonen DE, Gul M, Roy S, Sen CK. a-lipoic acid supplementation: tissue glutathione homeostasis at rest and after exercise. J.Appl.Physiol. 1999;86:1191-6.
  6. Nohl H, Gille L. Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of ubiquinol and dihydrolipoic acid. Z.Naturforsch.(C) 1998;53:250-3.
  7. Ames BN. Micronutrients prevent cancer and delay aging. Toxicol.Lett. 1998;102-103:5-18:5-18.
  8. Androne L, Gavan NA, Veresiu IA, Orasan R. In vivo effect of lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation in patients with diabetic neuropathy. In Vivo 2000;14:327-30.
  9. Biewenga GP, Haenen GR, BAST A. The role of lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. Drug Metab.Rev. 1997;29:1025-54.
  10. Borcea V, Nourooz-Zadeh J, Wolff SP et al. a-lipoic acid decreases oxidative stress even in diabetic patients with poor glycemic control and albuminuria. Free Radic.Biol.Med. 1999;26:1495-500.
  11. Low PA, Nickander KK, Tritschler HJ. The roles of oxidative stress and antioxidant treatment in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes 1997;46:S38-S42.
  12. Mitsui Y, Schmelzer JD, Zollman PJ, Mitsui M, Tritschler HJ, Low PA. Alpha-lipoic acid provides neuroprotection from ischemia- reperfusion injury of peripheral nerve. J.Neurol.Sci. 1999;163:11-6.
  13. Ziegler D, Reljanovic M, Mehnert H, Gries FA. a-Lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany: Current evidence from clinical trials. Exp.Clin.Endocrinol.Diabetes 1999;107:421-30.
  14. Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant a-lipoic acid. Free Radical Biol Med 1997;22:359-78.
  15. Chevion S, Hofmann M, Ziegler R, Chevion M, Nawroth PP. The antioxidant properties of thioctic acid: Characterization by cyclic voltammetry. Biochem.Mol.Biol.Int. 1997;41:317-27.
  16. Van Dam PS, Bravenboer B. Oxidative stress and antioxidant treatment in diabetic neuropathy. Neurosci.Res.Commun. 1997;21:41-8.
  17. Haak ES, Usadel KH, Kohleisen M, Yilmaz A, Kusterer K, Haak T. The effect of a-lipoic acid on the neurovascular reflex arc in patients with diabetic neuropathy assessed by capillary microscopy. Microvasc.Res. 1999;58:28-34.
  18. Ziegler D, Gries FA. Alpha-lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral and cardiac autonomic neuropathy. Diabetes 1997;46 Suppl 2:S62-S66.
back to the top

 

 
Anti-Aging
  1. Cutler RG. Antioxidants and aging. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;53:373S-9S.
  2. Ames BN. Micronutrients prevent cancer and delay aging. Toxicol.Lett. 1998;102-103:5-18:5-18.
  3. Dreosti IE. Nutrition, cancer, and aging. Ann.NY Acad.Sci. 1998;854:371-7.
  4. Ames BN. Micronutrient deficiencies - A major cause of DNA damage. Ann.NY Acad.Sci. 1999;889:87-106.
  5. Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council. Recommended Dietary Allowances. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989.
  6. Sastre J, Pallardó FV, De la Asunción JG, Vińa J. Mitochondria, oxidative stress and aging. Free Radic.Res. 2000;32:189-98.
  7. Lenaz G, D'Aurelio M, Pich MM et al. Mitochondrial bioenergetics in aging. Biochim.Biophys.Acta Bio-Energetics 2000;1459:397-404.
  8. Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM, Ames BN. Oxidative damage and mitochondrial decay in aging. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 1994;91:10771-8.
  9. Hagen TM, Wehr CM, Ames BN. Mitochondrial decay in aging. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998;854:214-23.
  10. Ames BN, Shigenaga MK, Hagen TM. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 1993;90:7915-22.
  11. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM et al. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. Brit.Med.J. 1992;305:335-9.
back to the top

 

 
Antioxidants
  1. Smidt CR, Seidehamel RJ, Devaraj S, Jialal I. The effects of a nutritionally complete dietary supplement (LifePak) on antioxidant status and LDL-oxidation in healthy non-smokers. FASEB J 1999;13:A546.
  2. Holvoet P, Collen D. Oxidized lipoproteins in atherosclerosis and thrombosis. FASEB J. 1994;8:1279-84.
  3. Duthie SJ, Ma A, Ross MA, Collins AR. Antioxidant supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 1996;56:1291-5.
  4. Knekt P, Heliovaara M, Rissanen A, Aromaa A, Aaran RK. Serum antioxidant vitamins and risk of cataract. Brit.Med.J. 1992;305:1392-4.
  5. Leske MC, Chylack LT, Jr., He QM et al. Antioxidant vitamins and nuclear opacities - The longitudinal study of cataract. Ophthalmology 1998;105:831-6.
  6. Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BEK, Klein R, Greger JL. Antioxidant intake and risk of incident age-related nuclear cataracts in the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am.J.Epidemiol. 1999;149:801-9.
  7. Manson JE, Gaziano JM, Jonas MA, Hennekens CH. Antioxidants and cardiovascular disease: a review. J Am Coll Nutr 1993;12:426-32.
  8. Anderson JW, Gowri MS, Turner J et al. Antioxidant supplementation effects on low-density lipoprotein oxidation for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1999;18:451-61.
  9. Mosca L, Rubenfire M, Mandel C et al. Antioxidant nutrient supplementation reduces the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation in patients with coronary artery disease. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 1997;30:392-9.
  10. Calzada C, Bruckdorfer KR, Rice-Evans CA. The influence of antioxidant nutrients on platelet function in healthy volunteers. Atherosclerosis 1997;128:97-105.
  11. Azen SP, Qian DJ, Mack WJ et al. Effect of supplementary antioxidant vitamin intake on carotid arterial wall intima-media thickness in a controlled clinical trial of cholesterol lowering. Circulation 1996;94:2369-72.
  12. Maxwell SRJ, Thomason H, Sandler D et al. Antioxidant status in patients with uncomplicated insulin- dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur.J.Clin.Invest. 1997;27:484-90.
  13. Nuttall SL, Dunne F, Kendall MJ, Martin U. Age-independent oxidative stress in elderly patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Q.J.Med. 1999;92:33-8.
  14. Cunningham JJ. Micronutrients as nutriceutical interventions in diabetes mellitus. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1998;17:7-10.
back to the top

 

 
B Vitamins
  1. Haller J, Lowik MR, Ferry M, Ferro-Luzzi A. Nutritional status: blood vitamins A, E, B6, B12, folic acid and carotene. Euronut SENECA investigators. Eur.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;45 Suppl 3:63-82.
  2. Albertson AM, Tobelmann RC, Engstrom A, Asp EH. Nutrient intakes of 2- to 10-year-old American children: 10-year trends. J.Am.Diet.Assoc. 1992;92:1492-6.
  3. Manore MM, Vaughan LA, Carroll SS, Leklem JE. Plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate concentration and dietary vitamin B-6 intake in free-living, low-income elderly people. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1989;50:339-45.
  4. George JH, Brinsdon SC, Paulin JM, Aitken EF. What do young adolescent New Zealanders eat? Nutrient intakes of a nationwide sample of form 1 children. N Z Med J 1993;106:47-51.
  5. Driskell JA, Clark AJ, Bazzarre TL et al. Vitamin B-6 status of southern adolescent girls. J Am Diet Assoc 1985;85:46-9.
  6. Guilland JC, Penaranda T, Gallet C, Boggio V, Fuchs F, Klepping J. Vitamin status of young athletes including the effects of supplementation. Med.Sci.Sports Exerc. 1989;21:441-9.
  7. van der Beek EJ, Lowik MR, Hulshof KF, Kistemaker C. Combinations of low thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and vitamin C intake among Dutch adults. (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1994;13:383-91.
  8. Kant, A. K. and Block, G. Dietary vitamin B-6 intake and food sources in the US population: NHANES II, 1976-1980. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 52(4), 707-716. 1990.
  9. Joosten E, van den Berg A, Riezler R et al. Metabolic evidence that deficiencies of vitamin B-12 (cobalamin), folate, and vitamin B-6 occur commonly in elderly people. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1993;58:468-76.
  10. Carmel R. Current concepts in cobalamin deficiency. Annu.Rev.Med. 2000;51:357-75.
  11. Lindenbaum J, Rosenberg IH, Wilson PW, Stabler SP, Allen RH. Prevalence of cobalamin deficiency in the Framingham elderly population. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:2-11.
  12. Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PW, Rush D, Rosenberg IH. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in an elderly population. JAMA 1993;270:2693-8.
  13. Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J, Allen RH. Vitamin B-12 deficiency in the elderly: current dilemmas. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:741-9.
  14. Baik HW, Russell RM. Vitamin B12 deficiency in the elderly. Annu.Rev.Nutr. 1999;19:357-77.
  15. Gadowsky SL, Gale K, Wolfe SA, Jory J, Gibson R, O'Connor DL. Biochemical folate, B12, and iron status of a group of pregnant adolescents accessed through the public health system in southern Ontario. J.Adolesc.Health 1995;16:465-74.
  16. Saltzman JR, Kemp JA, Golner BB, Pedrosa MC, Dallal GE, Russell RM. Effect of hypochlorhydria due to omeprazole treatment or atrophic gastritis on protein-bound vitamin B12 absorption. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1994;13:584-91.
  17. Lowik MR, Schrijver J, Odink J, van den Berg H, Wedel M. Long-term effects of a vegetarian diet on the nutritional status of elderly people (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1990;9:600-9.
  18. Millet P, Guilland JC, Fuchs F, Klepping J. Nutrient intake and vitamin status of healthy French vegetarians and nonvegetarians. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1989;50:718-27.
  19. Janelle KC, Barr SI. Nutrient intakes and eating behavior scores of vegetarian and nonvegetarian women. J Am Diet.Assoc 1995;95:180-6, 189, quiz.
  20. Clementz GL, Schade SG. The spectrum of vitamin B12 deficiency. Am Fam.Physician 1990;41:150-62.
  21. Herbert V, Das KC. Folic Acid and Vitamin B12. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1988:388-416.
  22. Folsom AR, Nieto FJ, McGovern PG et al. Prospective study of coronary heart disease incidence in relation to fasting total homocysteine, related genetic polymorphisms, and B vitamins: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 1998;98:204-10.
  23. Dierkes J, Kroesen M, Pietrzik K. Folic acid and Vitamin B6 supplementation and plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy young women. Int.J Vitam.Nutr Res 1998;68:98-103.
back to the top

 

 
Beta-Carotene
  1. Kritchevsky SB. b-carotene, carotenoids and the prevention of coronary heart disease. J.Nutr. 1999;129:5-8.
  2. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. N.Engl.J Med. 1996;334:1145-9.
  3. D'Odorico A, Martines D, Kiechl S et al. High plasma levels of a- and b-carotene are associated with a lower risk of atherosclerosis - Results from the Bruneck study. Atherosclerosis 2000;153:231-9.
  4. Iribarren C, Folsom AR, Jacobs DR, Jr., Gross MD, Belcher JD, Eckfeldt JH. Association of serum vitamin levels, LDL susceptibility to oxidation, and autoantibodies against MDA-LDL with carotid atherosclerosis - A case-control study. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 1997;17:1171-7.
  5. Suter PM. Effect of vitamin E, vitamin C, and b-carotene on stroke risk. Nutrition reviews 2000;58:184-7.
back to the top

 

 
Boron
  1. Nielsen FH. Biochemical and physiologic consequences of boron deprivation in humans. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:59-63.
  2. Naghii MR, Samman S. The role of boron in nutrition and metabolism. Prog.Food Nutr.Sci. 1993;17:331-49.
  3. McCoy H, Kenney MA, Montgomery C, Irwin A, Williams L, Orrell R. Relation of boron to the composition and mechanical properties of bone. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:49-53.
  4. Nielsen FH. Ultratrace Minerals. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1994:269-86.
  5. Newnham RE. Essentiality of boron for healthy bones and joints. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:83-5.
  6. Dupre JN, Keenan MJ, Hegsted M, Brudevold AM. Effects of dietary boron in rats fed a vitamin D-deficient diet. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:55-8.
  7. Hunt CD. The biochemical effects of physiologic amounts of dietary boron in animal nutrition models. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:35-43.
  8. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effect of boron supplementation on blood and urinary calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, and urinary boron in athletic and sedentary women. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1995;61:341-5.
  9. Meacham SL, Taper LJ, Volpe SL. Effects of boron supplementation on bone mineral density and dietary, blood, and urinary calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and boron in female athletes. Environ.Health Perspect. 1994;102 Suppl 7:79-82.
  10. Nielsen FH, Shuler TR. Studies of the interaction between boron and calcium, and its modification by magnesium and potassium, in rats. Effects on growth, blood variables, and bone mineral composition. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1992;35:225-37.
  11. Hegsted M, Keenan MJ, Siver F, Wozniak P. Effect of boron on vitamin D deficient rats. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1991;28:243-55.
  12. Nielsen FH. Studies on the relationship between boron and magnesium in the formation and maintenance of bones. J Am Coll Nutr 1989;8:457 (abstr).
back to the top

 

 
Calcium
  1. Fleming KH, Heimbach JT. Consumption of calcium in the U.S.: Food sources and intake levels. J.Nutr. 1994;124 Suppl.:1426S-30S.
  2. Pennington JAT. Intakes of minerals from diets and foods: Is there a need for concern? J.Nutr. 1996;126:2304S-8S.
  3. Cappuccio FP, Elliott P, Allender PS, Pryer J, Follman DA, Cutler JA. Epidemiologic association between dietary calcium intake and blood pressure: A meta-analysis of published data. Am.J.Epidemiol. 1995;142:935-45.
  4. Lijnen P, Petrov V. Dietary calcium, blood pressure and cell membrane cation transport systems in males. J.Hypertens. 1995;13:875-82.
  5. Gillman MW, Hood MY, Moore LL, Nguyen U-SDT, Singer MR, Andon MB. Effect of calcium supplementation on blood pressure in children. J.Pediatr. 1995;127:186-92.
  6. Kawano Y, Yoshimi H, Matsuoka H, Takishita S, Omae T. Calcium supplementation in patients with essential hypertension: assessment by office, home and ambulatory blood pressure. J.Hypertens. 1998;16:1693-9.
  7. Mccarron DA, Reusser ME. Finding consensus in the dietary calcium-blood pressure debate. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1999;18:398S-405S.
  8. Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, Cook RJ, Bucher HC, Cook DJ. The influence of dietary and nondietary calcium supplementation on blood pressure - An updated metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Am.J.Hypertens. 1999;12:84-92.
  9. Bronner F. Calcium and osteoporosis. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:831-6.
  10. Teegarden D, Weaver CM. Calcium supplementation increases bone density in adolescent girls. Nutr Rev. 1994;52:171-3.
  11. Lee WTK, Leung SSF, Leung DMY, Tsang HSY, Lau J, Cheng JCY. A randomized double-blind controlled calcium supplementation trial, and bone and height acquisition in children. Br.J.Nutr. 1995;74:125-39.
  12. Welten DC, Kemper HC, Post GB, van Staveren WA. A meta-analysis of the effect of calcium intake on bone mass in young and middle aged females and males. J.Nutr. 1995;125:2802-13.
  13. Renner E. Dairy calcium, bone metabolism, and prevention of osteoporosis. J.Dairy.Sci. 1994;77:3498-505.
  14. Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ. Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on bone loss and fractures in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Med. 1995;98:331-5.
  15. Chiu KM. Efficacy of calcium supplements on bone mass in postmenopausal women. J.Gerontol.[A] 1999;54:M275-M280.
  16. Looker AC, Harris TB, Madans JH, Sempos CT. Dietary calcium and hip fracture risk: the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study. Osteoporos Int 1993;3:4-84.
  17. Power ML, Heaney RP, Kalkwarf HJ et al. The role of calcium in health and disease. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 1999;181:1560-9.
  18. Reid IR. The roles of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of osteoporosis. Endocrinol.Metab.Clin North Am 1998;27:389-98.
  19. Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Prepublication Copy. 1997. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press.
back to the top

 

 
Carotenoids
  1. Collins AR, Olmedilla B, Southon S, Granado F, Duthie SJ. Serum carotenoids and oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Carcinogenesis 1998;19:2159-62.
  2. Haegele AD, Gillette C, O'Neill C et al. Plasma xanthophyll carotenoids correlate inversely with indices of oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9:421-5.
  3. Pool-Zobel BL, Bub A, Müller H, Wollowski I, Rechkemmer G. Consumption of vegetables reduces genetic damage in humans: first results of a human intervention trial with carotenoid-rich foods. Carcinogenesis 1997;18:1847-50.
  4. Lachance P. Dietary intake of carotenes and the carotene gap. Clin.Nutr. 1988;7:118-22.
  5. Kohlmeier L, Hastings SB. Epidemiologic evidence of a role of carotenoids in cardiovascular disease prevention. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1995;62:1370S-6S.
  6. Morris DL, Kritchevsky SB, Davis CE. Serum carotenoids and coronary heart disease: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial and Follow- up Study. JAMA 1994;272:1439-41.
  7. Kritchevsky SB, Tell GS, Shimakawa T et al. Provitamin A carotenoid intake and carotid artery plaques: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;68:726-33.
  8. Chopra M, O'Neill ME, Keogh N, Wortley G, Southon S, Thurnham DI. Influence of increased fruit and vegetable intake on plasma and lipoprotein carotenoids and LDL oxidation in smokers and nonsmokers. Clinical Chemistry 2000;46:1818-29.
  9. Kontush A, Spranger T, Reich A, Baum K, Beisiegel U. Lipophilic antioxidants in blood plasma as markers of atherosclerosis: the role of a-carotene and gamma-tocopherol. Atherosclerosis 1999;144:117-22.
back to the top

 

 
Catechins
  1. Leanderson P, Faresjö ĹO, Tagesson C. Green tea polyphenols inhibit oxidant-induced DNA strand breakage in cultured lung cells. Free Radical Biol Med 1997;23:235-42.
  2. Sai K, Kai S, Umemura T et al. Protective effects of green tea on hepatotoxicity, oxidative DNA damage and cell proliferation in the rat liver, induced by repeated oral administration of 2-nitropropane. Food Chem.Toxicol. 1998;36:1043-5.
  3. Johnson MK, Loo G. Effects of epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin on oxidative damage to cellular DNA. Mutat.Res.DNA Repair 2000;459:211-8.
  4. Klaunig JE, Xu Y, Han C et al. The effect of tea consumption on oxidative stress in smokers and nonsmokers. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med1999;220:249-54.
  5. Yang TTC, Koo MWL. Inhibitory effect of Chinese green tea on endothelial cell-induced LDL oxidation. Atherosclerosis 2000;148:67-73.
  6. Miura Y, Chiba T, Miura S et al. Green tea polyphenols (flavan 3-ols) prevent oxidative modification of low density lipoproteins: An ex vivo study in humans. J.Nutr.Biochem. 2000;11:216-22.
  7. Hodgson JM, Proudfoot JM, Croft KD, Puddey IB, Mori TA, Beilin LJ. Comparison of the effects of black and green tea on in vitro lipoprotein oxidation in human serum. J.Sci.Food Agric. 1999;79:561-6.
  8. Ishikawa T, Suzukawa M, Ito T et al. Effect of tea flavonoid supplementation on the susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidative modification. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:261-6.
  9. Kono S, Shinchi K, Ikeda N, Yanai F, Imanishi K. Green tea consumption and serum lipid profiles: a cross- sectional study in northern Kyushu, Japan. Prev.Med. 1992;21:526-31.
back to the top

 

 
Chromium
  1. Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM. Dietary intake of calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc: duplicate plate values corrected using derived nutrient intake. J Am Diet Assoc 1993;93:462-4.
  2. Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM. Dietary chromium intake. Freely chosen diets, institutional diet, and individual foods. Biol Trace Elem Res 1992;32:117-21.
  3. Anderson RA, Kozlovsky AS. Chromium intake, absorption and excretion of subjects consuming self-selected diets. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1985;41:1177-83.
  4. Gibson RS, MacDonald AC, Martinez OB. Dietary chromium and manganese intakes of a selected sample of Canadian elderly women. Hum Nutr Appl.Nutr 1985;39:43-52.
  5. Kumpulainen JT. Chromium content of foods and diets. Biol Trace Elem Res 1992;32:9-18.
  6. Mahalko JR, Bennion M. The effect of parity and time between pregnancies on maternal hair chromium concentration. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1976;29:1069-72.
  7. Saner G. Urinary chromium excretion during pregnancy and its relationship with intravenous glucose loading. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1981;34:1676-9.
  8. Saner G. The effect of parity on maternal hair chromium concentration and the changes during pregnancy. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1981;34:853-5.
  9. Ding WJ, Chai ZF, Duan P, Feng WY, Qian QF. Serum and urine chromium concentrations in elderly diabetics. Biological Trace Element Research 1998;63:231-7.
  10. Mertz W. Chromium in human nutrition: a review. J.Nutr. 1993;123:626-33.
  11. Anderson RA. Chromium, glucose intolerance and diabetes. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1998;17:548-55.
  12. Vincent JB. Mechanisms of chromium action: Low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1999;18:6-12.
  13. Freund H, Atamian S, Fischer JE. Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition. JAMA 1979;241:496-8.
  14. Jeejeebhoy KN, Chu RC, Marliss EB, Greenberg GR, Bruce-Robertson A. Chromium deficiency, glucose intolerance, and neuropathy reversed by chromium supplementation, in a patient receiving long-term total parenteral nutrition. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1977;30:531-8.
  15. Brown RO, Forloines-Lynn S, Cross RE, Heizer WD. Chromium deficiency after long-term total parenteral nutrition. Dig.Dis.Sci. 1986;31:661-4.
  16. Jeejeebhoy KN. Chromium and parenteral nutrition. J.Trace Elem.Exp.Med. 1999;12:85-9.
  17. Cheng NZ, Zhu XX, Shi HL et al. Follow-up survey of people in China with type 2 diabetes mellitus consuming supplemental chromium. J.Trace Elem.Exp.Med. 1999;12:55-60.
  18. Anderson RA, Cheng NZ, Bryden NA et al. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1997;46:1786-91.
  19. Anderson, R. A., Polansky, M. M., Bryden, N. A., and Canary, J. J. Supplemental-chromium effects on glucose, insulin, glucagon, and urinary chromium losses in subjects consuming controlled low- chromium diets. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 54(5), 909-916. 1991.
  20. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Gupta RK, Sharma VK, Singh RG. Can a diet rich in chromium and other minerals modulate blood sugar and blood lipids in noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus? 9 (3).1992.157-162. 1992;157-62.
back to the top

 

 
Copper
  1. Pennington JAT, Young BE, Wilson DB. Nutritional elements in U.S. diets: Results from the total diet study, 1982-86. J.Am.Diet.Assoc. 1989;89:659-64.
  2. Klevay LM. Cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency - A history. J.Nutr. 2000;130:489S-92S.
  3. Uauy R, Olivares M, Gonzalez M. Essentiality of copper in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;67:952S-9S.
  4. Abdulla, M., Behbehani, A., and Dashti, H. Dietary intake and bioavailability of trace elements. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 21, 173-178. 1989.
  5. Baghurst KI, Record SJ. The vitamin and mineral intake of a free-living young elderly Australian population in relation to total diet and supplementation practices. Hum.Nutr Appl.Nutr 1987;41:327-37.
  6. Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM. Dietary intake of calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, and zinc: duplicate plate values corrected using derived nutrient intake. J Am Diet Assoc 1993;93:462-4.
  7. Danks DM. Copper deficiency in humans. Ann.Rev.Nutr. 1988;8:235-57.
back to the top

 

 
Flavonoids
  1. Bravo L. Polyphenols: Chemistry, dietary sources, metabolism, and nutritional significance. Nutrition reviews 1998;56:317-33.
  2. Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Hollman PC, Katan MB, Kromhout D. Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet 1993;342:1007-11.
  3. Hertog MG, Kromhout D, Aravanis C et al. Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study [published erratum appears in Arch Intern Med 1995 Jun 12;155(11):1184]. Arch.Intern.Med 1995;155:381-6.
  4. Knekt P, Jarvinen R, Reunanen A, Maatela J. Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study. Brit.Med.J. 1996;312:478-81.
  5. Keli SO, Hertog MG, Feskens EJ, Kromhout D. Dietary flavonoids, antioxidant vitamins, and incidence of stroke: the Zutphen study. Arch.Intern.Med 1996;156:637-42.
  6. Yochum L, Kushi LH, Meyer K, Folsom AR. Dietary flavonoid intake and risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;149:943-9.
  7. Schramm DD, German JB. Potential effects of flavonoids on the etiology of vascular disease. J.Nutr.Biochem. 1998;9:560-6.
  8. Pignatelli P, Pulcinelli FM, Celestini A et al. The flavonoids quercetin and catechin synergistically inhibit platelet function by antagonizing the intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2000;72:1150-5.
  9. Justesen U, Knuthsen P, Leth T. Determination of plant polyphenols in Danish foodstuffs by HPLC- UV and LC-MS detection. Cancer Letters 1997;114:165-7.
  10. Dragsted LO, Strube M, Leth T. Dietary levels of plant phenols and other non-nutritive components: Could they prevent cancer? Eur.J.Cancer Prev.1997;6:522-8.
  11. Linseisen J, Radtke J, Wolfram G. Flavonoidzufuhr Erwachsener in einem bayerischen Teilkollektiv der Nationalen Verzehrsstudie. Z.Ernahrungswiss. 1997;36:403-12.
back to the top

 

 
Folate
  1. Sauberlich HE. Folate status of U.S. population groups. In: Bailey LB, ed. Folate in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1995:171-95.
  2. Lewis CJ, Crane NT, Wilson DB, Yetley EA. Estimated folate intakes: data updated to reflect food fortification, increased bioavailability, and dietary supplement use. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;70:198-207.
  3. Quinn K, Basu TK. Folate and vitamin B12 status of the elderly. Eur.J Clin Nutr 1996;50:340-2.
  4. Herbert V, Das KC. Folic Acid and Vitamin B12. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger 1988:388-416.
  5. Kim Y-I. Folate and carcinogenesis: Evidence, mechanisms, and implications. J.Nutr. Biochem 1999;10:66-88.
  6. Kim Y. Folate and cancer prevention: A new medical application of folate beyond hyperhomocysteinemia and neural tube defects. Nutrition reviews 1999;57:314-21.
  7. Glynn SA, Albanes D. Folate and cancer: A review of the literature. Nutr.Cancer 1994;22:101-19.
  8. Mason JB, Levesque T. Folate: effects on carcinogenesis and the potential for cancer chemoprevention. Oncology (Huntingt.) 1996;10:1727-3.
  9. Malinow MR, Nieto FJ, Kruger WD et al. The effects of folic acid supplementation on plasma total homocysteine are modulated by multivitamin use and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotypes. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 1997;17:1157-62.
  10. Ward M, McNulty H, McPartlin J, Strain JJ, Weir DG, Scott JM. Plasma homocysteine, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is lowered by physiological doses of folic acid. Q.J.Med. 1997;90:519-24.
  11. Brönstrup A, Hages M, Prinz-Langenohl R, Pietrzik K. Effects of folic acid and combinations of folic acid and vitamin B-12 on plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy, young women. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;68:1104-10.
  12. Brouwer, I. A., van Duseldorp, M., Thomas, C. M. G., DURAN, M., and Et Al. Low-dose folic acid supplementation decreases plasma homocysteine concentrations: a randomized trial. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 69, 99-104. 1999.
  13. Goldbloom R, Battista RN, Anderson G et al. Periodic health examination, 1994 update: 3. Primary and secundary prevention of neural tube defects. Can.Med.Assoc.J. 1994;151:159-66.
  14. Daly S, Mills JL, Molloy AM et al. Minimum effective dose of folic acid for food fortification to prevent neural-tube defects. Lancet 1997;350:1666-9.
  15. Berry RJ, Li Z, Erickson JD et al. Prevention of neural-tube defects with folic acid in China. N.Engl.J.Med. 1999;341:1485-90.
  16. Werler MM, Hayes C, Louik C, Shapiro S, Mitchell AA. Multivitamin supplementation and risk of birth defects. Am.J.Epidemiol. 1999;150:675-82.
back to the top

 

 
Grapeseed Extract
  1. Frankel E. Activity of wine and grape phenolic antioxidants in human LDL. BioFactors 1997;6:433-5.
back to the top

 

 
Glutathione
  1. Khanna S, Atalay M, Laaksonen DE, Gul M, Roy S, Sen CK. a-lipoic acid supplementation: tissue glutathione homeostasis at rest and after exercise. J.Appl.Physiol. 1999;86:1191-6.
  2. Sen CK. Glutathione homeostasis in response to exercise training and nutritional supplements. Mol.Cell.Biochem. 1999;196:31-42.
back to the top

 

 
Homocysteine
  1. Ubbink JB. Homocysteine--an atherogenic and a thrombogenic factor? Nutr Rev 1995;53:323-5.
  2. McCully KS. Chemical pathology of homocysteine. I. Atherogenesis. Ann.Clin Lab.Sci. 1993;23:477-93.
  3. Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, Bennett JM, Becker PJ, van Staden DA, Bissbort S. The prevalence of homocysteinemia and hypercholesterolemia in angiographically defined coronary heart disease. Klin.Wochenschr. 1991;69:527-34.
  4. Wald NJ, Watt HC, Law MR, Weir DG, McPartlin J, Scott JM. Homocysteine and ischemic heart disease: results of a prospective study with implications regarding prevention. Arch.Intern.Med 1998;158:862-7.
  5. Arnesen E, Refsum H, Bonaa KH, Ueland PM, Forde OH, Nordrehaug JE. Serum total homocysteine and coronary heart disease. Int.J Epidemiol 1995;24:704-9.
  6. Graham, I. M., Daly, L. E., Refsum, H. M., et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA 277(22), 1775-1781. 6-11-1997.
  7. Nygard O, Nordrehaug JE, Refsum H, Ueland PM, Farstad M, Vollset SE. Plasma homocysteine levels and mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 1997;337:230-6.
  8. Brattström L, Zhang Y, Hurtig M et al. A common methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation and longevity. Atherosclerosis 1998;141:315-9.
back to the top

 

 
Immune Support
  1. Chandra RK. Nutrition and the immune system: An introduction. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:460S-3S.
  2. Erickson KL, Medina EA, Hubbard NE. Micronutrients and innate immunity. J.Infect.Dis. 2000;182:S5-S10.
  3. Lesourd BM. Nutrition and immunity in the elderly: Modification of immune responses with nutritional treatments. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:478S-84S.
  4. Bogden JD, Bendich A, Kemp FW et al. Daily micronutrient supplements enhance delayed-hypersensitivity skin test responses in older people. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:437-47.
  5. Semba RD. Vitamin A, immunity, and infection. Clin.Infect.Dis. 1994;19:489-99.
  6. Underwood BA. Hypovitaminosis A: International programmatic issues. J.Nutr. 1994;124 Suppl.:1467S-72S.
  7. Stephensen CB, Alvarez JO, Kohatsu J, Hardmeier R, Kennedy JI, Jr., Gammon RB, Jr. Vitamin A is excreted in the urine during acute infection. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:388-92.
  8. Bendich A. Beta-carotene and immune response. Proc.Nutr.Soc. 1991;50:263-74.
  9. Hughes DA, Wright AJ, Finglas PM et al. The effect of beta-carotene supplementation on the immune function of blood monocytes from healthy male nonsmokers. J Lab.Clin Med 1997;129:309-17.
  10. Santos, M. S., Gaziano, J. M., Leka, L. S., Beharka, A. A., Hennekens, C. H., and Meydani, S. N. Beta-carotene-induced enhancement of natural killer cell activity in elderly men: an investigation of the role of cytokines. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 68(1), 164-170. 1998.
    Ref Type: Journal (Full)
  11. Watson RR, Prabhala RH, Plezia PM, Alberts DS, Pike J, Chandra RK. Effect of beta-carotene on lymphocyte subpopulations in elderly humans: evidence for a dose-response relationship
    Effect of vitamin and trace element supplementation on immune indices in healthy elderly. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 1991;53:90-4.
  12. De La Fuente M, Ferrández MD, Burgos MS, Soler A, Prieto A, Miquel J. Immune function in aged women is improved by ingestion of vitamins C and E. Can.J.Physiol.Pharmacol. 1998;76:373-80.
  13. Hemila H. Vitamin C and common cold incidence: a review of studies with subjects under heavy physical stress. Int.J Sports Med 1996;17:379-83.
  14. Hemila H. Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to the common cold. British J.Nutr. 1997;77:59-72.
  15. Hunt C, Chakravorty NK, Annan G, Habibzadeh N, Schorah CJ. The clinical effects of vitamin C supplementation in elderly hospitalised patients with acute respiratory infections. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res 1994;64:212-9.
  16. Jayachandran M, Panneerselvam C. Cellular immune responses to vitamin C supplementation in ageing humans assessed by the in vitro leucocyte migration inhibition test. Med.Sci.Res. 1998;26:227-30.
  17. Peters EM, Goetzsche JM, Grobbelaar B, Noakes TD. Vitamin C supplementation reduces the incidence of postrace symptoms of upper-respiratory-tract infection in ultramarathon runners. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 1993;57:170-4.
  18. Wilson CW, Greene M, Loh HS. The metabolism of supplementary vitamin C during the common cold. J Clin Pharmacol 1976;16:19-29.
  19. Meydani SN, Beharka AA. Recent developments in vitamin E and immune response. Nutrition reviews 1998;56:S49-S58.
  20. Serafini M. Dietary vitamin E and T cell-mediated function in the elderly: effectiveness and mechanism of action. Int.J.Dev.Neurosci. 2000;18:401-10.
  21. Meydani SN, Meydani M, Blumberg JB et al. Vitamin E supplementation and in vivo immune response in healthy elderly subjects. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1997;277:1380-6.
  22. Chavance M, Herbeth B, Fournier C, Janot C, Vernhes G. Vitamin status, immunity and infections in an elderly population. Eur.J Clin Nutr 1989;43:827-35.
  23. Bates CJ, Pentieva KD, Prentice A, Mansoor MA, Finch S. Plasma pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxic acid and their relationship to plasma homocysteine in a representative sample of British men and women aged 65 years and over. Br.J.Nutr. 1999;81:191-201.
  24. Meydani SN, Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russell RM, Sahyoun N, Morrow FD, Gershoff SN. Vitamin B-6 deficiency impairs interleukin 2 production and lymphocyte proliferation in elderly adults. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;53:1275-80.
  25. Talbott MC, Miller LT, Kerkvliet NI. Pyridoxine supplementation: effect on lymphocyte responses in elderly persons. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1987;46:659-64.
  26. Folkers K, Morita M, McRee J, Jr. The activities of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin B6 for immune responses. Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun. 1993;193:88-92.
  27. Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Zinc deficiency and immune function. Annu.Rev.Nutr. 1990;10:415-31.
  28. Brignola C, Belloli C, De Simone G et al. Zinc supplementation restores plasma concentrations of zinc and thymulin in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment.Pharmacol.Ther. 1993;7:275-80.
  29. Gupta RK, Bhattacharya SK, Sundar S, Kumar K, Kachhawaha JS, Sen PC. A correlative study of serum zinc and in vivo cell mediated immune status in rheumatic heart disease. Acta Cardiol. 1996;47:297-304.
  30. Sherman AR. Zinc, copper, and iron nutriture and immunity. J.Nutr. 1992;122:604-9.
  31. Mei W, Dong ZM, Liao BL, Xu HB. Study of immune function of cancer patients influenced by supplemental zinc or selenium-zinc combination. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1991;28:11-9.
  32. Shankar AH, Prasad AS. Zinc and immune function: the biological basis of altered resistance to infection. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;68:447S-63S.
  33. Wellinghausen N, Kirchner H, Rink L. The immunobiology of zinc. Immunol.Today 1997;18:519-21.
  34. Prasad AS. Zinc and immunity. Mol.Cell.Biochem. 1998;188:63-9.
  35. Mazzotta MY. Nutrition and wound healing. J.Am.Podiatr.Med.Assoc. 1994;84:456-62.
  36. Sun E, Xu H, Liu Q, Zhou J, Zuo P, Wang J. The mechanism for the effect of selenium supplementation on immunity. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1995;48:231-8.
  37. Roy M, Kiremidjian-Schumacher L, Wishe HI, Cohen MW, Stotzky G. Supplementation with selenium restores age-related decline in immune cell function. Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med. 1995;209:369-75.
  38. Rayman MP. The importance of selenium to human health. Lancet 2000;356:233-41.
  39. Taylor EW. Selenium and cellular immunity - Evidence that selenoproteins may be encoded in the +1 reading frame overlapping the human CD4, CD8, and HLA-DR genes. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1995;49:85-95.
  40. Levander OA, Beck MA. Selenium and viral virulence. Br.Med.Bull. 1999;55:528-33.
  41. Beck MA. Nutritionally induced oxidative stress: effect on viral disease. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2000;71:1676S-9S.
  42. Forceville X, Vitoux D, Gauzit R, Combes A, Lahilaire P, Chappuis P. Selenium, systemic immune response syndrome, sepsis, and outcome in critically ill patients. Crit.Care Med. 1998;26:1536-44.
  43. Girodon F, Lombard M, Galan P et al. Effect of micronutrient supplementation on infection in institutionalized elderly subjects: A controlled trial. Ann.Nutr.Metab. 1997;41:98-107.
back to the top

 

 
Lycopene
  1. Matos HR, Di Mascio P, Medeiros MHG. Protective effect of lycopene on lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in cell culture. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 2000;383:56-9.
  2. Porrini M, Riso P. Lymphocyte lycopene concentration and DNA protection from oxidative damage is increased in women after a short period of tomato consumption. J.Nutr. 2000;130:189-92.
  3. Riso P, Pinder A, Santangelo A, Porrini M. Does tomato consumption effectively increase the resistance of lymphocyte DNA to oxidative damage? Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;69:712-8.
  4. Giovannucci E. Tomatoes, tomato-based products, lycopene, and cancer: Review of the epidemiologic literature. J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 1999;91:317-31.
  5. Rao AV, Agarwal S. Role of lycopene as antioxidant carotenoid in the prevention of chronic diseases: A review. Nutr Res 1999;19:305-23.
  6. Arab L, Steck S. Lycopene and cardiovascular disease. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2000;71:1691S-5S.
  7. Rao AVR, Agarwal S. Role of antioxidant lycopene in cancer and heart disease. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2000;19:563-9.
  8. Agarwal S, Rao AV. Tomato lycopene and low density lipoprotein oxidation: A human dietary intervention study. Lipids 1998;33:981-4.
back to the top

 

 
Macular Degeneration
  1. Seddon JM, Ajani UA, Sperduto RD et al. Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age- related macular degeneration. Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group. JAMA 1994;272:1413-20.
  2. Berendschot TTJM, Goldbohm RA, Klöpping WAA, Van de Kraats J, Van Norel J, Van Norren D. Influence of lutein supplementation on macular pigment, assessed with two objective techniques. Invest.Ophthalmol.Vis.Sci. 2000;41:3322-6.
  3. Bone RA, Landrum JT, Dixon Z, Chen Y, Llerena CM. Lutein and zeaxanthin in the eyes, serum and diet of human subjects. Exp.Eye Res. 2000;71:239-45.
  4. Brown L, Rimm EB, Seddon JM et al. A prospective study of carotenoid intake and risk of cataract extraction in US men. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;70:517-24.
  5. Chasan-Taber L, Willett WC, Seddon JM et al. A prospective study of carotenoid and vitamin A intakes and risk of cataract extraction in US women. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;70:509-16.
  6. Moeller SM, Jacques PF, Blumberg JB. The potential role of dietary xanthophylls in cataract and age-related macular degeneration. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 2000;19:522S-7S.
  7. Pratt S. Dietary prevention of age-related macular degeneration. J Am Optom.Assoc. 1999;70:39-47.
  8. Yeum KJ, Shang F, Schalch W, Russell RM, Taylor A. Fat-soluble nutrient concentrations in different layers of human cataractous lens. Curr.Eye Res. 1999;19:502-5.
  9. Gerster H. Antioxidant vitamins in cataract prevention. Z.Ernahrungswiss. 1989;28:56-75.
  10. Jacques PF, Chylack LTJ. Epidemiologic evidence of a role for the antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids in cataract prevention. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;53:352S-5S.
  11. Belda JI, Romá J, Vilela C et al. Serum vitamin E levels negatively correlate with severity of age-related macular degeneration. Mech Ageing Dev 1999;107:159-64.
  12. Delcourt C, Cristol JP, Tessier F et al. Age-related macular degeneration and antioxidant status in the POLA study. Arch.Ophthalmol. 1999;117:1384-90.
  13. Lyle BJ, Mares-Perlman JA, Klein BE et al. Serum carotenoids and tocopherols and incidence of age-related nuclear cataract. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;69:272-7.
  14. Seth RK, Kharb S. Protective function of alpha-tocopherol against the process of cataractogenesis in humans. Ann.Nutr.Metab. 1999;43:286-9.
back to the top

 

 
Magnesium
  1. Costello RB, Moser-Veillon PB. A review of magnesium intake in the elderly. A cause for concern? Magnes.Res. 1992;5:61-7.
  2. Lichton IJ. Dietary intake levels and requirements of Mg and Ca for different segments of the U.S. population. Magnesium 1989;8:117-23.
  3. Durlach J, Durlach V, Bac P, Rayssiguier Y, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Magnesium and ageing. II. Clinical data: Aetiological mechanisms and pathophysiological consequences of magnesium deficit in the elderly. Magnes.Res. 1993;6:379-94.
  4. Gullestad L, Nes M, Ronneberg R, Midtvedt K, Falch D, Kjekshus J. Magnesium status in healthy free-living elderly Norwegians. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1994;13:45-50.
  5. Durlach J, Bac P, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Cardiovasoprotective foods and nutrients: possible importance of magnesium intake. Magnes.Res. 1999;12:57-61.
  6. Laurant P, Touyz RM. Physiological and pathophysiological role of magnesium in the cardiovascular system: implications in hypertension. J.Hypertens. 2000;18:1177-91.
  7. Itoh K, Kawasaka T, Nakamura M. The effects of high oral magnesium supplementation on blood pressure, serum lipids and related variables in apparently healthy Japanese subjects. Br.J.Nutr. 1997;78:737-50.
  8. Kawano Y, Matsuoka H, Takishita S, Omae T. Effects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients: assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures. Hypertension 1998;32:260-5.
  9. Wirell MP, Wester PO, Stegmayr BG. Nutritional dose of magnesium in hypertensive patients on beta blockers lowers systolic blood pressure: A double- blind, cross- over study. J.Intern.Med. 1994;236:189-95.
  10. Witteman JCM, Grobbee DE, Derkx FHM, Bouillon R, De Bruijn AM, Hofman A. Reduction of blood pressure with oral magnesium supplementation in women with mild to moderate hypertension. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:129-35.
  11. Plum-Wirell M, Stegmayr BG, Wester PO. Nutritional magnesium supplementation does not change blood pressure nor serum or muscle potassium and magnesium in untreated hypertension. A double-blind crossover study. Magnes.Res. 1994;7:277-83.
  12. Sacks FM, Willett WC, Smith A, Brown LE, Rosner B, Moore TJ. Effect on blood pressure of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in women with low habitual intake. Hypertension 1998;31:131-8.
  13. Shechter M, Merz CNB, Paul-Labrador M et al. Oral magnesium supplementation inhibits platelet-dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease. Am.J.Cardiol. 1999;84:152-6.
  14. Orlov MV, Brodsky MA, Douban S. A review of magnesium, acute myocardial infarction and arrhythmia. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1994;13:127-32.
  15. Sasaki S, Oshima T, Matsuura H et al. Abnormal magnesium status in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Clinical Science 2000;98:175-81.
  16. Durlach J, Bac P, Durlach V, Rayssiguier Y, Bara M, Guiet-Bara A. Magnesium status and ageing: An update. Magnes.Res. 1998;11:25-42.
  17. Sojka JE, Weaver CM. Magnesium supplementation and osteoporosis. Nutr.Rev. 1995;53:71-4.
  18. Stendig-Lindberg, G., Tepper, R., and Leichter, I. Trabecular bone density in a two year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis. Magnesium Research 6(2), 155-163. 1993.
  19. Paunier L. Effect of magnesium on phosphorus and calcium metabolism. Monatsschr.Kinderheilkd. 1992;140:S17-S20.
  20. Patti L, Maffettone A, Iovine C et al. Long-term effects of fish oil on lipoprotein subfractions and low density lipoprotein size in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia. Atherosclerosis 1999;146:361-7.
  21. Volpe SL, Taper LJ, Meacham S. The relationship between boron and magnesium status and bone mineral density in the human: a review. Magnes.Res. 1993;6:291-6.
  22. Martini LA. Magnesium supplementation and bone turnover. Nutr.Rev. 1999;57:227-9.
back to the top

 

 
Nutrient Intakes
  1. U.S.Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Data Tables: Results from USDA's 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and 1996 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey. ARS Food Surveys Research Group 97. Electronic Citation.
  2. Block G, Abrams B. Vitamin and mineral status of women of childbearing potential. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1993;678:244-54.
  3. Pennington JAT. Intakes of minerals from diets and foods: Is there a need for concern? J.Nutr. 1996;126:2304S-8S.
  4. Benton D, Haller J, Fordy J. The vitamin status of young British adults. Int J Vitam.Nutr Res 1997;67:34-40.
  5. Kant AK, Schatzkin A, Block G, Ziegler RG, Nestle M. Food group intake patterns and associated nutrient profiles of the US population. J.Am.Diet.Assoc. 1991;91:1532-7.
  6. Breslow RA, Subar AF, Patterson BH, Block G. Trends in food intake: The 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys. Nutr.Cancer 1997;28:86-92.
  7. Kant AK, Schatzkin A. Consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods by the US population: effect on nutrient profiles. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1994;13:285-91.
  8. Block G. Dietary guidelines and the results of food consumption surveys. Am.J Clin.Nutr. 1991;53:356S-7S.
back to the top

 

 
Quercetin
  1. Johnson MK, Loo G. Effects of epigallocatechin gallate and quercetin on oxidative damage to cellular DNA. Mutat.Res.DNA Repair 2000;459:211-8.
  2. Duthie SJ, Collins AR, DUTHIE GG, Dodson VL. Quercetin and myricetin protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage (strand breaks and oxidised pyrimidines) in human lymphocytes. Mutat.Res.Genet.Toxicol.Environ.Mutagen. 1997;393:223-31.
  3. Lean ME, Noroozi M, Kelly I et al. Dietary flavonols protect diabetic human lymphocytes against oxidative damage to DNA. Diabetes 1999;48:176-81.
  4. Cai QY, Rahn RO, Zhang RW. Dietary flavonoids, quercetin, luteolin and genistein, reduce oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation and quench free radicals. Cancer Letters 1997;119:99-107.
back to the top

 

 
Riboflavin
  1. Tiidus P, Shephard RJ, Montelpare W. Overall intake of energy and key nutrients: data for middle-aged and older middle-class adults. Can.J.Sport.Sci. 1989;14:173-7.
  2. Gonzalez-Gross M, Ortega RM, Andres P, Varela G. Riboflavin status in a group of institutionalized elderly. Int.J.Vitam.Nutr.Res. 1991;61:120-4.
  3. Toh SY, Thompson GW, Basu TK. Riboflavin status of the elderly: dietary intake and FAD-stimulating effect on erythrocyte glutathione reductase coefficients. Eur J Clin Nutr 1994;48:654-9.
  4. van der Wielen RP, de Wild GM, de Groot LC, Hoefnagels WH, van Staveren WA. Dietary intakes of energy and water-soluble vitamins in different categories of aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1996;51:B100-B107.
back to the top

 

 
Silicon
  1. Seaborn CD NF. Silicon: A nutritional beneficence for bones, brains and blood vessels? Nutrition Today 1993;28:13-6.
  2. Nielsen FH. Ultratrace elements in nutrition: Current knowledge and speculation. J.Trace Elem.Exp.Med. 1998;11:251-74.
  3. Carlisle EM. Silicon as a trace nutrient. Sci.Total.Environ. 1988;73:95-106.
  4. Seaborn, C. D. and Nielsen, F. H. Effects of germanium and silicon on bone mineralization. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 42, 151-164. 1994.
  5. Seaborn CD, Nielsen FH. Response surface analysis of bone composition changes caused by dietary calcium and silicon. FASEB J 1993;7:A77.
  6. Rico H, Gallego-Lago JL, Hernández ER et al. Effect of silicon supplement on osteopenia induced by ovariectomy in rats. Calcified Tissue International 2000;66:53-5.
back to the top

 

 
Soy Isoflavones
  1. Giles D, Wei H. Effect of structurally related flavones-isoflavones on hydrogen peroxide production and oxidative DNA damage in phorbol ester-stimulated HL-60 cells. Nutr.Cancer 1997;29:77-82.
  2. Cai QY, Rahn RO, Zhang RW. Dietary flavonoids, quercetin, luteolin and genistein, reduce oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation and quench free radicals. Cancer Letters 1997;119:99-107.
  3. Kapiotis S, Hermann M, Held I, Seelos C, Ehringer H, Gmeiner BM. Genistein, the dietary-derived angiogenesis inhibitor, prevents LDL oxidation and protects endothelial cells from damage by atherogenic LDL. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol. 1997;17:2868-74.
  4. Lichtenstein AH. Soy protein, isoflavones and cardiovascular disease risk. J.Nutr. 1998;128:1589-92.
  5. Merz-Demlow BE, Duncan AM, Wangen KE et al. Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic, premenopausal women. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2000;71:1462-9.
  6. Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Williams JK. Effects of soy isoflavones on atherosclerosis: potential mechanisms. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;68:1390S-3S.
  7. Chiechi LM. Dietary phytoestrogens in the prevention of long-term postmenopausal diseases. Int.J.Gynecol.Obstet. 1999;67:39-40.
  8. Jenkins DJA, Kendall CWC, Garsetti M et al. Effect of soy protein foods on low-density lipoprotein oxidation and ex vivo sex hormone receptor activity - A controlled crossover trial. Metabolism 2000;49:537-43.
  9. Tikkanen MJ, Adlercreutz H. Dietary soy-derived isoflavone phytoestrogens - Could they have a role in coronary heart disease prevention? Biochemical Pharmacology 2000;60:1-5.
  10. Wiseman H, O'Reilly JD, Adlercreutz H et al. Isoflavone phytoestrogens consumed in soy decrease F2-isoprostane concentrations and increase resistance of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in humans. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 2000;72:395-400.
  11. Anderson JJ, Garner SC. The effects of phytoestrogens on bone. Nutr Res 1997;17:1617-32.
  12. Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng HY, Stillman RJ, Shay NF, Erdman JW, Jr. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1998;68:1375S-9S.
back to the top

 

 
Supplemental Safety
  1. Hathcock, J. N. Vitamin and Mineral Safety. 1997. Washington, DC, Council for Responsible Nutrition.
  2. Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium and Carotenoids. (Advance Copy). 2000. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press.
back to the top

 

 
Thiamin
  1. Nichols HK, Basu TK. Thiamin status of the elderly: dietary intake and thiamin pyrophosphate response. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1994;13:57-61.
  2. Skelton WP, III, Skelton NK. Thiamine deficiency neuropathy. It's still common today. Postgrad.Med. 1989;85:301-6.
  3. Smidt LJ, Cremin FM, Grivetti LE, Clifford AJ. Influence of thiamin supplementation on the health and general well-being of an elderly Irish population with marginal thiamin deficiency. J.Gerontol. 1991;46:M16-22.
back to the top

 

 
Vitamin C
  1. Fraga CG, Motchnik PA, Shigenaga MK, Helbock HJ, Jacob RA, Ames BN. Ascorbic acid protects against endogenous oxidative DNA damage in human sperm. Proc Natl Acad.Sci.U.S A 1991;88:11003-6.
  2. Cooke MS, Evans MD, Podmore ID et al. Novel repair action of vitamin C upon in vivo oxidative DNA damage. FEBS Lett. 1998;439:363-7.
  3. Sweetman SF, Strain JJ, McKelvey-Martin VJ. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on DNA damage and repair in human lymphoblastoid cells. Nutr Cancer 1997;27:122-30.
  4. Huang HE, Helzlsouer KJ, Appel LJ. The effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on oxidative DNA damage: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9:647-52.
  5. Jacques PF, Taylor A, Hankinson SE et al. Long-term vitamin C supplement use and prevalence of early age-related lens opacities. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:911-6.
  6. Gey KF. Vitamins E plus C and interacting conutrients required for optimal health. BioFactors 1998;7:113-74.
  7. Bendich A, Langseth L. The health effects of vitamin C supplementation: A review. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1995;14:124-36.
  8. Carr AC, Zhu BZ, Frei B. Potential antiatherogenic mechanisms of ascorbate (vitamin C) and a-tocopherol (vitamin E). Circ.Res. 2000;87:349-54.
  9. Jacob RA. Vitamin C nutriture and risk of atherosclerotic heart disease. Nutrition reviews 1998;56:334-7.
  10. Niki E, Noguchi N, Tsuchihashi H, Gotoh N. Interaction among vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1995;62:1322S-6S.
  11. Tanaka K, Hashimoto T, Tokumaru S, Iguchi H, Kojo S. Interactions between vitamin C and vitamin E are observed in tissues of inherently scorbutic rats. J.Nutr. 1997;127:2060-4.
  12. Fuller CJ, Grundy SM, Norkus EP, Jialal I. Effect of ascorbate supplementation on low density lipoprotein oxidation in smokers. Atherosclerosis 1996;119:139-50.
  13. Fotherby MD, Williams JC, Forster LA, Craner P, Ferns GA. Effect of vitamin C on ambulatory blood pressure and plasma lipids in older persons. J.Hypertens. 2000;18:411-5.
  14. Jacques PF. Effects of vitamin C on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and blood pressure. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11:139-44.
  15. Ness AR, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Day NE. Vitamin C status and blood pressure. J Hypertens. 1996;14:503-8.
  16. Ness AR, Chee D, Elliott P. Vitamin C and blood pressure--an overview. J Hum.Hypertens. 1997;11:343-50.
  17. Salonen JT, Salonen R, Ihanainen M et al. Vitamin C deficiency and low linolenate intake associated with elevated blood pressure: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. J.Hypertens.Suppl. 1987;5:S521-4.
  18. Tofler GH, Stec JJ, Stubbe I et al. The effect of vitamin C supplementation on coagulability and lipid levels in healthy male subjects. Thrombosis Research 2000;100:35-41.
  19. Kaufmann PA, Gnecchi-Ruscone T, Di Terlizzi M, Schäfers KP, Lüscher TF, Camici PG. Coronary heart disease in smokers - Vitamin C restores coronary microcirculatory function. Circulation 2000;102:1233-8.
  20. Gokce N, Keaney JF, Jr., Frei B et al. Long-term ascorbic acid administration reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1999;101:342-6.
  21. Hirai N, Kawano H, Hirashima O et al. Insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in smokers: effects of vitamin C. Am.J.Physiol.Heart Circ.Physiol. 2000;279:H1172-H1178.
  22. Hirashima O, Kawano H, Motoyama T et al. Improvement of endothelial function and insulin sensitivity with vitamin c in patients with coronary spastic angina - Possible role of reactive oxygen species. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 2000;35:1860-6.
  23. Levine GN, Frei B, Koulouris SN, Gerhard MD, Keaney JFJ, Vita JA. Ascorbic acid reverses endothelial vasomotor dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 1996;93:1107-13.
  24. Watanabe H, Kakihana M, Ohtsuka S, Sugishita Y. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the preventive effect of supplemental oral vitamin C on attenuation of development of nitrate tolerance. J.Am.Coll.Cardiol. 1998;31:1323-9.
  25. Weber C, Erl W, Weber K, Weber PC. Increased adhesiveness of isolated monocytes to endothelium is prevented by vitamin C intake in smokers. Circulation 1996;93:1488-92.
  26. Wilkinson IB, Megson IL, MacCallum H, Sogo N, Cockcroft JR, Webb DJ. Oral vitamin c reduces arterial stiffness and platelet aggregation in humans. J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol. 1999;34:690-3.
  27. Gale CR, Martyn CN, Winter PD, Cooper C. Vitamin C and risk of death from stroke and coronary heart disease in cohort of elderly people. Br.Med.J. 1995;310:1563-6.
  28. Simon JA, Hudes ES, Browner WS. Serum ascorbic acid and cardiovascular disease prevalence in US adults. Epidemiology 1998;9:316-21.
  29. Nyyssönen K, Parviainen MT, Salonen R, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT. Vitamin C deficiency and risk of myocardial infarction: Prospective population study of men from eastern Finland. Bmj 1997;314:634-8.
  30. Knekt P, Reunanen A, Järvinen R et al. Antioxidant vitamin intake and coronary mortality in a longitudinal population study. Am.J.Epidemiol. 1994;139:1180-9.
  31. Enstrom JE, Kanim LE, Klein MA. Vitamin C intake and mortality among a sample of the United States population. Epidemiology 1992;3:194-202.
  32. Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y et al. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl.Acad.Sci U S A 1996;93:3704-9.
  33. Graumlich JF, Ludden TM, Conry-Cantilena C, Cantilena LR, Jr., Wang YH, Levine M. Pharmacokinetic model of ascorbic acid in healthy male volunteers during depletion and repletion. Pharm.Res. 1997;14:1133-9.
  34. Som S, Basu S, Mukherjee D et al. Ascorbic acid metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 1981;30:572-7.
  35. Ali SM, Chakraborty SK. Role of plasma ascorbate in diabetic microangiopathy. Bangladesh.Med Res Counc.Bull. 1989;15:47-59.
  36. Armstrong AM, Chestnutt JE, Gormley MJ, Young IS. The effect of dietary treatment on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in newly diagnosed noninsulin dependent diabetes. Free Radical Biol Med 1996;21:719-26.
  37. Chakraborty SK. Plasma ascorbate status in newly diagnosed diabetics exhibiting retinopathy--a finding that alarms. Bangladesh.Med Res Counc.Bull. 1992;18:30-5.
  38. Sinclair AJ, Taylor PB, Lunec J, Girling AJ, Barnett AH. Low plasma ascorbate levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus consuming adequate dietary vitamin C. Diabet.Med 1994;11:893-8.
  39. Pecoraro RE, Chen MS. Ascorbic acid metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Ann.N Y.Acad.Sci. 1987;498:248-58.
  40. Cunningham JJ, Mearkle PL, Brown RG. Vitamin C: An aldose reductase inhibitor that normalizes erythrocyte sorbitol in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1994;13:344-50.
  41. Cunningham JJ. The glucose/insulin system and vitamin C: implications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:105-8.
  42. McAuliffe AV, Brooks BA, Fisher EJ, Molyneaux LM, Yue DK. Administration of ascorbic acid and an aldose reductase inhibitor (tolrestat) in diabetes: Effect on urinary albumin excretion. Nephron 1998;80:277-84.
  43. Wang H, Zhang ZB, Wen RR, Chen JW. Experimental and clinical studies on the reduction of erythrocyte sorbitol-glucose ratios by ascorbic acid in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995;28:1-8.
  44. Eriksson J, Kohvakka A. Magnesium and ascorbic acid supplementation in diabetes mellitus. Ann.Nutr.Metab. 1995;39:217-23.
back to the top

 

 
Vitamin D
  1. Delvin EE, Imbach A, Copti M. Vitamin D nutritional status and related biochemical indices in an autonomous elderly population. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1988;48:373-8.
  2. Gallagher JC. The role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of osteoporosis. J Rheumatol.Suppl 1996;45:15-8.
  3. Bouillon RA, Auwerx JH, Lissens WD, Pelemans WK. Vitamin D status in the elderly: seasonal substrate deficiency causes 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol deficiency. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1987;45:755-63.
  4. Diamond T, Smerdely P, Kormas N, Sekel R, Vu T, Day P. Hip fracture in elderly men: the importance of subclinical vitamin D deficiency and hypogonadism. Med J Aust. 1998;169:138-41.
  5. Torgerson DJ, Kanis JA. Cost-effectiveness of preventing hip fractures in the elderly population using vitamin D and calcium. Q.J.Med. 1995;88:135-9.
  6. Ooms ME, Roos JC, Bezemer PD, van der Vijgh WJ, Bouter LM, Lips P. Prevention of bone loss by vitamin D supplementation in elderly women: a randomized double-blind trial. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab. 1995;80:1052-8.
  7. O'Brien KO. Combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation reduces bone loss and fracture incidence in older men and women. Nutr Rev 1998;56:148-50.
  8. Kaufman JM. Role of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention and the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: an overview. Clin Rheumatol. 1995;14 Suppl 3:9-13.
  9. Gloth FM3, Gundberg CM, Hollis BW, Haddad JG, Jr., Tobin JD. Vitamin D deficiency in homebound elderly persons. JAMA 1995;274:1683-6.
  10. Kessenich CR, Rosen CJ. Vitamin D and bone status in elderly women. Orthop.Nurs. 1996;15:67-71.
  11. Holick, M. F. Environmental factors that influence the cutaneous production of vitamin D. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 61 Suppl., 638S-645S. 1995.
back to the top

 

 
Vitamin E
  1. Sweetman SF, Strain JJ, McKelvey-Martin VJ. Effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation on DNA damage and repair in human lymphoblastoid cells. Nutr Cancer 1997;27:122-30.
  2. Hu JJ, Chi CX, Frenkel K et al. a-tocopherol dietary supplement decreases titers of antibody against 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine (HMdU). Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8:693-8.
  3. Lee BM, Lee SK, Kim HS. Inhibition of oxidative DNA damage, 8-OHdG, and carbonyl contents in smokers treated with antioxidants (vitamin E, vitamin C, b-carotene and red ginseng). Cancer Letters 1998;132:219-27.
  4. Hartmann A, Niess AM, Grunert-Fuchs M, Poch B, Speit G. Vitamin E prevents exercise-induced DNA damage. Mutat.Res 1995;346:195-202.
  5. Huang HE, Helzlsouer KJ, Appel LJ. The effects of vitamin C and vitamin E on oxidative DNA damage: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Epidemiol.Biomarkers Prev. 2000;9:647-52.
  6. Prieme H, Loft S, Nyyssonen K, Salonen JT, Poulsen HE. No effect of supplementation with vitamin E, ascorbic acid, or coenzyme Q10 on oxidative DNA damage estimated by 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine excretion in smokers. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;65:503-7.
  7. Packer L. Protective role of vitamin E in biological systems. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1991;53:1050S-5S.
  8. Sies H, Stahl W, Sundquist AR. Antioxidant functions of vitamins. Vitamins E and C, beta- carotene, and other carotenoids. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1992;669:7-33.
  9. Frei B. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant vitamins: Mechanisms of action. Am.J.Med. 1994;97 Suppl. 3A:5S-13S.
  10. Beyer RE. The role of ascorbate in antioxidant protection of biomembranes: Interaction with vitamin E and coenzyme Q. J.Bioenerg.Biomembr. 1994;26:349-58.
  11. Friedrichson T, Kalbach HL, Buck P, van Kuijk FJ. Vitamin E in macular and peripheral tissues of the human eye. Curr Eye Res 1995;14:693-701.
  12. Kritchevsky SB, Shimakawa T, Tell GS et al. Dietary antioxidants and carotid artery wall thickness. The ARIC Study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Circulation 1995;92:2142-50.
  13. Carpenter KLH, Cheeseman KH, Van der Veen C, Taylor SE, Walker MK, Mitchinson MJ. Depletion of alpha-tocopherol in human atherosclerotic lesions. Free Radic.Res. 1995;23:549-58.
  14. Devaraj S, Jialal I. The effects of alpha-tocopherol on critical cells in atherogenesis. Curr.Opin.Lipidol. 1998;9:11-5.
  15. Diaz MN, Frei B, Vita JA, Keaney JFJ. Antioxidants and atherosclerotic heart disease. N.Engl.J Med 1997;337:408-16.
  16. Esterbauer H, Striegl G, Puhl H et al. The role of vitamin E and carotenoids in preventing oxidation of low density lipoproteins. Ann.N.Y.Acad.Sci. 1989;570:254-67.
  17. Jialal I, Fuller CJ. Effect of vitamin E, vitamin C and beta-carotene on LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis. Can J Cardiol 1995;11 Suppl G:97G-103G.
  18. Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB. Epidemiologic evidence for vitamin E in prevention of cardiovascular disease. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1995;62:1365S-9S.
  19. Spencer AP, Carson DS, Crouch MA. Vitamin E and coronary artery disease. Arch Intern.Med 1999;159:1313-20.
  20. Stephens NG, Parsons A, Schofield PM, Kelly F, Cheeseman K, Mitchinson MJ. Randomised controlled trial of vitamin E in patients with coronary disease: Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study (CHAOS). Lancet 1996;347:781-6.
  21. Chan AC. Vitamin E and atherosclerosis. J.Nutr. 1998;128:1593-6.
  22. Simons LA, von Konigsmark M, Balasubramaniam S. What dose of vitamin E is required to reduce susceptibility of LDL to oxidation? Aust.N Z.J Med 1996;26:496-503.
  23. Princen HM, van Duyvenvoorde W, Buytenhek R et al. Supplementation with low doses of vitamin E protects LDL from lipid peroxidation in men and women. Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol 1995;15:325-33.
  24. Davey PJ, Schulz M, Gliksman M, Dobson M, Aristides M, Stephens NG. Cost-effectiveness of vitamin E therapy in the treatment of patients with angiographically proven coronary narrowing (CHAOS trial). Am.J.Cardiol. 1998;82:414-7.
  25. Mottram P, Shige H, Nestel P. Vitamin E improves arterial compliance in middle-aged men and women. Atherosclerosis 1999;145:399-404.
  26. Acuff, R. V., Thedford, S. S., Hidiroglou, N. N., Papas, A. M., and Odom Jr, T. A. Relative bioavailability of RRR- and all-rac-a-tocopheryl acetate in humans: studies using deuterated compounds. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 60, 397-402. 1994.
  27. Ferslew KE, Acuff RV, Daigneault EA, Woolley TW, Stanton PEJ. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the RRR and all racemic stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol in humans after single oral administration. J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;33:84-8.
  28. Acuff RV, Thedford SS, Hidiroglou NN, Papas AM, Odom TAJ. Relative bioavailability of RRR- and all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate in humans: studies using deuterated compounds. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1994;60:397-402.
  29. Burton, G. W., Traber, M. G., Acuff, R. V., Walters, D. N., Kayden, H., Hughes, L., and Ingold, K. U. Human plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 67(4), 669-684. 1998.
  30. Gerster H. Prevention of platelet dysfunction by vitamin E in diabetic atherosclerosis. Z.Ernahrungswiss. 1993;32:243-61.
  31. Kunisaki M, Umeda F, Inoguchi T, Watanabe J, Nawata H. Effects of vitamin E administration on platelet function in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res 1990;14:37-42.
  32. Tutüncü NB, Bayraktar M, Varli K. Reversal of defective nerve conduction with vitamin E supplementation in type 2 diabetes - A preliminary study. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1915-8.
  33. Ceriello A, Giugliano D, Quatraro A, Donzella C, Dipalo G, Lefebvre PJ. Vitamin E reduction of protein glycosylation in diabetes. New prospect for prevention of diabetic complications? Diabetes Care 1991;14:68-72.
  34. Duntas L, Kemmer TP, Vorberg B, Scherbaum W. Administration of d-alpha-tocopherol in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
  35. Jain SK, McVie R, Jaramillo JJ, Palmer M, Smith T. Effect of modest vitamin E supplementation on blood glycated hemoglobin and triglyceride levels and red cell indices in type I diabetic patients. J Am Coll Nutr 1996;15:458-61.
  36. Jain SK, Krueger KS, McVie R, Jaramillo JJ, Palmer M, Smith T. Relationship of blood thromboxane-B2 (TxB2) with lipid peroxides and effect of vitamin E and placebo supplementation on TxB2 and lipid peroxide levels in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1998;21:1511-6.
  37. Jain SK. Should high-dose vitamin E supplementation be recommended to diabetic patients? Diabetes Care 1999;22:1242-4.
back to the top

 

 
Vitamin K
  1. Binkley NC, Suttie JW. Vitamin K nutrition and osteoporosis. J.Nutr. 1995;125:1812-21.
  2. Vermeer, C., Jie, K.-S. G., and Knapen, M. H. J. Role of vitamin K in bone metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition 15, 1-22. 1995.
  3. Dowd P, Ham S-W, Naganathan S, Hershline R. The mechanism of action of vitamin K. Annu.Rev.Nutr. 1995;15:419-40.
  4. Ferland G. The vitamin K-dependent proteins: an update. Nutr Rev 1998;56:223-30.
  5. Porter KH. Undercarboxylated osteocalcin: Indicator of vitamin K status and hip fracture risk? Biochem.Arch. 1999;15:225-37.
  6. Vermeer G, Schurgers LJ. A comprehensive review of vitamin K and vitamin K antagonists. Hematol.Oncol.Clin.North Am. 2000;14:339-53.
back to the top

 

 
Zinc
  1. Prasad AS. Zinc: an overview. Nutrition. 1995;11:93-9.
  2. Roebothan BV, Chandra RK. Nutrient consumption and body size in a group of institutionalized elderly. Nutr.Res. 1994;14:35-9.
  3. Mares-Perlman JA, Subar AF, Block G, Greger JL, Luby MH. Zinc intake and sources in the US adult population: 1976- 1980. J.Am.Coll.Nutr. 1995;14:349-57.
  4. Small SP, Best DG, Hustins KA. Energy and nutrient intakes of independently-living, elderly women. Can.J.Nurs.Res. 1994;26:71-81.
  5. Prasad AS, Fitzgerald JT, Hess JW, Kaplan J, Pelen F, Dardenne M. Zinc deficiency in elderly patients. Nutrition. 1993;9:218-24.
  6. Sandstead HH. Is zinc deficiency a public health problem? Nutrition. 1995;11:87-92.
  7. Hambidge M. Human zinc deficiency. J.Nutr. 2000;130:1344S-9S.
  8. Chausmer AB. Zinc, insulin and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:109-15.
  9. el-Yazigi A, Hannan N, Raines DA. Effect of diabetic state and related disorders on the urinary excretion of magnesium and zinc in patients. Diabetes Res 1993;22:67-75.
  10. Blostein-Fujii A, DiSilvestro RA, Frid D, Katz C, Malarkey W. Short-term zinc supplementation in women with non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus: Effects on plasma 5'-nucleotidase activities, insulin-like growth factor concentrations, and lipoprotein oxidation rates in vitro. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1997;66:639-42.
  11. Honnorat J, Accominotti M, Broussolle C, Fleuret AC, Vallon JJ, Orgiazzi J. Effects of diabetes type and treatment on zinc status in diabetes mellitus. Biol Trace Elem.Res 1992;32:311-6.
  12. Brun J-F, Guintrand-Hugret R, Fons C et al. Effects of oral zinc gluconate on glucose effectiveness and insulin sensitivity in humans. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 1995;47:385-92.
  13. Lima MD, Cruz T, Pousada JC, Rodrigues LE, Barbosa K, Canguçu V. The effect of magnesium supplementation in increasing doses on the control of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:682-6.
  14. Roffi M, Kanaka C, Mullis PE, Peheim E, Bianchetti MG. Hypermagnesiuria in children with newly diagnosed insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus. Am.J.Nephrol. 1994;14:201-6.
  15. Khan LA, Alam AMS, Ali L et al. Serum and urinary magnesium in young diabetic subjects in Bangladesh. Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 1999;69:70-3.
  16. Lowik MR, Van Dokkum W, Kistemaker C, Schaafsma G, Ockhuizen T. Body composition, health status and urinary magnesium excretion among elderly people (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System). Magnes.Res. 1993;6:223-32.
back to the top

 

 
Additional References
  1. Fauteck JD, Schmidt H, Lerchl A, Kurlemann G, Wittkowski W. Melatonin in epilepsy: First results of replacement therapy and first clinical results. Biol.Signals 1999;8:105-10.
  2. Food and Nutrition Board and Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes: Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B-6, Folate, Vitamin B-12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Prepublication Copy. 1998. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press.
  3. Thomas JA. Drug-nutrient interactions. Nutr Rev 1995;53:271-82.
  4. Matsui MS, Rozovski SJ. Drug-nutrient interaction. Clin.Ther. 1997;4:423-40.
  5. Andersen P, Godal HC. Predictable reduction in anticoagulant activity of warfarin by small amounts of vitamin K. Acta Med Scand 1975;198:269-70.
  6. Karlson, B., Leijd, B., and Hellstrom, K. On the influence of vitamin K-rich vegetables and wine on the effectiveness of warfarin treatment. Acta Med Scand 220(4), 347-350. 1986.
  7. Booth SL, Charnley JM, Sadowski JA, Saltzman E, Bovill EG, Cushman M. Dietary vitamin K-1 and stability of oral anticoagulation: Proposal of a diet with constant vitamin K-1 content. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 1997;77:504-9.
  8. Sorano GG, Biondi G, Conti M, Mameli G, Licheri D, Marongiu F. Controlled vitamin K content diet for improving the management of poorly controlled anticoagulated patients: a clinical practice proposal. Haemostasis 1993;23:77-82.
  9. Fairfield K, Fletcher R. Vitamins for Chronic Disease Prevention in Adults: Scienctific Review and Clinical Applications. Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). Volume 287, Number 23, June 19, 2002.
back to the top

 

 

 

 
© 2003 Health Awareness Foundation. All Rights Reserved.